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http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstrea ... apter1.pdf
Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck (1991) developed an autonomy training intervention (also referred to as ”Creative Novation Behaviour Therapy‘) that aimed to replace the behaviours characteristic of Types 1 and 2 with those typical of Type 4, and examined its effectiveness in terms of personality and health outcomes in several longitudinal studies.
Type 4 individuals, or those with a healthy personality type, exhibit autonomy and consider their own autonomy, and that of others, as the most important condition for their own wellbeing and happiness. They are able to self-regulate their behaviour based on its consequences, and are hypothesised to have a disposition towards being generally healthy as they avoid the stress reactions commonly experienced by Type 1 and 2 individuals (Grossarth-Maticek et al., 1988).
Grossarth-Maticek et al. (1988) carried out another similar study, but employing 1042 —highly stressed“ participants (aged 42 œ 63 years, 50% male), where —stress“ was operationalised as involving smoking and drinking behaviour and maladaptive personality traits, as nominated by their relatives(however, the validity of using smoking and drinking behaviours as measures of —stress“ is questionable because —stress“ may cause these behaviours).
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